Treatment of vr1-antagonist-induced increase in body temperature with an antipyretic agent

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method of reducing a VR1-antagonist-induced increase in body temperature in a mammal in need thereof, comprising the step of administering an antipyretic agent to the mammal and the like.

This application is a division and claims the benefit of application Ser. No. 11/433,040, filed May 12, 2006 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/680,783, filed May 12, 2005, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) is the molecular target of capsaicin, the active ingredient in hot peppers. Julius et al. reported the molecular cloning of VR1 (Caterina et al., 1997). VR1 is a non-selective cation channel which is activated or sensitized by a series of different stimuli including capsaicin and resiniferatoxin (exogenous activators), heat & acid stimulation and products of lipid bilayer metabolism, anandamide (Premkumar et al., 2000, Szabo et al., 2000, Gauldie et al., 2001, Olah et al., 2001) and lipoxygenase metabolites (Hwang et al., 2000). VR1 is highly expressed in primary sensory neurons (Caterina et al., 1997) in rats, mice and humans (Onozawa et al., 2000, Mezey et al., 2000, Helliwell et al., 1998, Cortright et al., 2001). These sensory neurons innervate many visceral organs including the dermis, bones, bladder, gastrointestinal tract and lungs; VR1 is also expressed in other neuronal and non-neuronal tissues including but not limited to, CNS nuclei, kidney, stomach and T-cells (Nozawa et al., 2001, Yiangou et al., 2001, Birder et al., 2001). Presumably expression in these various cells and organs may contribute to their basic properties such as cellular signaling and cell division.

Prior to the molecular cloning of VR1, experimentation with capsaicin indicated the presence of a capsaicin sensitive receptor, which could increase the activity of sensory neurons in humans, rats and mice (Holzer, 1991; Dray, 1992, Szallasi and Blumberg 1996, 1999). The results of acute activation by capsaicin in humans was pain at injection site and in other species increased behavioral sensitivity to sensory stimuli (Szallasi and Blumberg, 1999). Capsaicin application to the skin in humans causes a painful reaction characterized not only by the perception of heat and pain at the site of administration but also by a wider area of hyperalgesia and allodynia, two characteristic symptoms of the human condition of neuropathic pain (Holzer, 1991). Taken together, it seems likely that increased activity of VR1 plays a significant role in the establishment and maintenance of pain conditions. Topical or intradermal injection of capsaicin has also been shown to produce localized vasodilation and edema production (Szallasi and Blumberg 1999, Singh et al., 2001). This evidence indicates that capsaicin through it's activation of VR1 can regulate afferent and efferent function of sensory nerves. Sensory nerve involvement in diseases could therefore be modified by molecules which effect the function of the vanilloid receptor to increase or decrease the activity of sensory nerves.

VR1 gene knockout mice have been shown to have reduced sensory sensitivity to thermal and acid stimuli (Caterina et al., 2000)). This supports the concept that VR1 contributes not only to generation of pain responses (i.e. via thermal, acid or capsaicin stimuli) but also to the maintenance of basal activity of sensory nerves. This evidence agrees with studies demonstrating capsaicin sensitive nerve involvement in disease. Primary sensory nerves in humans and other species can be made inactive by continued capsaicin stimulation. This paradigm causes receptor activation induced desensitization of the primary sensory nerve—such reduction in sensory nerve activity in vivo makes subjects less sensitive to subsequent painful stimuli. In this regard both capsaicin and resinferatoxin (exogenous activators of VR1), produce desensitization and they have been used for many proof of concept studies in in vivo models of disease (Holzer, 1991, Dray 1992, Szallasi and Blumberg 1999).

TRPV1 agonists such as capsaicin and RTX induce hypothermia in different species (Hayes et al., Fujiii et al 1986; Woods et al 1994). Capsaicin did not induce hypothermia in mice lacking TRPV1 implicating activation of TRPV1 causes hypothermia (Caterina et al 2000). However, administration of VR1 antagonists produce an increase in body temperature across a number of species (Swanson et al 2005; Bannon et al 2005). Since this effect may be considered an adverse event in humans, and may limit the amount of a VR1 antagonist that can be administered, preventing and/or reversing a temperature increase induced by treatment with a VR1 antagonist is important.

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SUMMARY

The present invention relates to treatment of VR1-antagonist-induced increase in body temperature using antipyretic agents. The following provides evidence in rodents showing that treatment with an antipyretic agent reverses VR1 antagonist-induced increase in body temperature.

The foregoing merely summarizes certain aspects of the invention and is not intended, nor should it be construed, as limiting the invention in any way. All patents, patent applications and other publications recited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING

FIG. 1. shows a single two-dimensional view of a graph illustrating that treatment with a TRPV1 antagonist (3 mg/kg, p.o.) increases body temperature and this effect is reversed by treatment with acetaminophen (300 mg/kg, p.o.).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One aspect of the current invention relates to a method of reducing a VR1-antagonist-induced increase in body temperature in a mammal in need thereof, comprising the step of administering an antipyretic agent to the mammal.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the antipyretic agent is selected from Acetaminophen, Acetaminosalol, Acetanilide, Alclofenac, Aminopyrine, Aspirin, Benorylate, Benzydamine, Bermoprofen, p-Bromoacetanilide, Bufexamac, Bumadizon, Calcium Acetylsalicylate, Chlorthenoxazin, Clidanac, Dipyrocetyl, Dipyrone, Epirizole, Ibuprofen, Imidazole Salicylate, Indomethacin, p-Lactophenetide, Lysine Acetylsalicylate, Magnesium Acetylsalicylate, Meclofenamic Acid, Morazone, Naproxen, 5′-Nitro-2′-propoxyacetanilide, Phenacetin, Phenocoll, Phenyl Acetylsalicylate, Phenyl Salicylate, Pipebuzone, Propacetamol, Propyphenazone, Ramifenazone, Salacetamide, Salicylamide O-Acetic Acid, Salicylic Acid, Tetrandrine, Tinoridine, Aluminum Bis(acetylsalicylate), Aminochlorthenoxazin, Dihydroxyaluminum Acetylsalicylate, Etersalate, Isofezolac, Nifenazone, Phenicarbazide and Phenopyrazone.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the antipyretic agent is administered from one to one hundred eighty minutes after the administration of the VR1 antagonist.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the antipyretic agent is administered from one to one hundred eighty minutes before the administration of the VR1 antagonist.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the antipyretic agent is administered separately from, but within thirty minutes of the VR1 antagonist.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the VR1 antagonist is a compound having the structure:

wherein:

R¹ is

or a naphthyl or saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein no more than 2 of the ring members are O or S, wherein the heterocycle is optionally fused with a phenyl ring, and the naphthyl, heterocycle or fused phenyl ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷;

R² is H, hydroxy, halo, C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from R¹⁰,

or a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein no more than 2 of the ring members are O or S, wherein the heterocycle is optionally fused with a phenyl ring, and the heterocycle or fused phenyl ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷; or R¹ and R² together are

R³ is H or C₁₋₄alkyl; or R¹ and R³ together are

R⁴ is

R⁴ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S that is optionally vicinally fused with a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the carbon atoms of the heterocycle and bridge are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₉alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(a), —S(═O)_(n)C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkyl and —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl; or R⁴ is 10-membered bicyclic ring comprising fused 6-membered rings, containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 N atoms with the remainder being carbon atoms, with at least one of the 6-membered rings being aromatic, wherein the carbon atoms are substituted by H, halo, OR^(a), NR^(a)R^(a), C₁₋₆alkyl and C₁₋₃haloalkyl; and saturated carbon atoms may be additionally substituted by ═O; except that when R¹ is 4-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 2-nitro-3-chlorophenyl, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl, 3-methylthiophenyl or 2,3,4-methoxyphenyl, then R⁴ is not phenyl substituted by 1 or 2 substituents selected from halo and C₁₋₄alkyl; and R¹ and R⁴ are not both 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl; and when R¹ is 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, then R⁴ is not pyridinyl, 2-methyl-4-aminoquinolinyl or 3,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-on-6-yl;

R⁵ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₉alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁵ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S;

R⁶ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₉alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁵ and R⁶ together are a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the carbon atoms of the bridge are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, (═O), —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a) and C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), and the available N atoms of the bridge are substituted by R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a) or C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a);

R⁷ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₉alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R⁸ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₉alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁷ and R⁸ together are a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the carbon atoms of the bridge are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₆alkyl, (═O), —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, —NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a) and C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), and the available N atoms of the bridge are substituted by R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a) or C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a);

R⁹ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₉alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R¹⁰ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(a), —S(═O)_(n)C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkyl or —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl;

R¹¹ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(a), —S(═O)_(n)C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylR^(c), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkyl or —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl; or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together are a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the each of the carbon atoms in the bridge is substituted by H, ═O, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl or —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, and any nitrogen atoms in the bridge are substituted by H, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)R^(c) or —C₁₋₃alkylR^(c); wherein if R¹⁰, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ are all H, then R¹¹ is not —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R¹² is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(a), —S(═O)_(n)C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkyl or —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl; or R¹¹ and R¹² together are a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the each of the carbon atoms in the bridge is substituted by H, ═O, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl or —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, and any nitrogen atoms in the bridge are substituted by H, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)R^(c) or —C₁₋₃alkylR^(c);

when R¹ is 4-C₁₋₆alkylphenyl or 2,4-dimethylphenyl, then R¹¹ is C₁₋₉alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(a), —S(═O)_(n)C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylR^(c), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkyl or —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl; or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together are -L³-NR^(a)—, respectively, or -L⁴-O—, respectively; or R¹¹ and R¹³ are —NR^(a)-L³-, -L³-NR^(a)—, —O-L⁴- or -L⁴-O—; or R¹² is —NR^(a)R^(b); or R⁴ is 10-membered bicyclic ring comprising fused 6-membered rings, containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 N atoms with the remainder being carbon atoms, with at least one of the 6-membered rings being aromatic, wherein the carbon atoms are substituted by H, halo, OR^(a), NR^(a)R^(a), C₁₋₆alkyl and C₁₋₃haloalkyl; and saturated carbon atoms may be additionally substituted by ═O; or R⁴ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S that is optionally vicinally fused with a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the carbon atoms of the heterocycle and bridge are substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₂₋₉alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(a), —S(═O)_(n)C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkyl and —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl;

R¹³ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(a), —S(═O)_(n)C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkyl or —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl;

R¹⁴ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylOR^(a), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(a), —S(═O)_(n)C₁₋₆alkyl, —O—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —O—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —O—C₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)—C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkyl or —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl;

R^(a) is independently, at each instance, H, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl;

R^(b) is H, C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl-O—R^(a);

R^(c) is phenyl substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from halo, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OR^(a) and —NR^(a)R^(a); or R^(c) is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein no more than 2 of the ring members are O or S, wherein the heterocycle is optionally fused with a phenyl ring, and the carbon atoms of the heterocycle are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the heterocycle or fused phenyl ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OR^(a) and —NR^(a)R^(a);

L¹ is a bond, —CH₂CH₂— or —CH═CH—;

L² is NR^(a), O, S(═O)_(n), —N═CH—, —CH₂NR^(a)—, —CH═N— or —NR^(a)CH₂—;

L³ is a 2- or 3-atom, saturated or unsaturated, bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms and 0, 1 or 2 atoms independently selected from O, N and S, wherein the each of the carbon atoms in the bridge is substituted by H, ═O, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl or —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, and any nitrogen atoms in the bridge are substituted by H, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)R^(c) or —C₁₋₃alkylR^(c);

L⁴ is a 2- or 3-atom, saturated or unsaturated, bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms and 0 or 1 atoms independently selected from O, N and S, wherein at least one of the carbon atoms in the bridge is substituted by ═O, —OR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(a)C₁₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —NR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl or —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, and any nitrogen atoms in the bridge are substituted by H, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(a)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)R^(c) or —C₁₋₃alkylR^(c);

X is O, S or NR^(a); or X and R² together are ═N—CH═CH—, ═C—O—, ═C—S—, or ═C—NR^(a)—;

Y is NH or O; and

n is independently, at each instance, 0, 1 or 2.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the VR1 antagonist is a compound having the structure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

n is independently, at each instance, 0, 1 or 2.

R¹ is

or R¹ is a naphthyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R⁵; or R¹ is R^(e) substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R⁵;

R¹⁵ is, independently, in each instance, R¹⁰, C₁₋₈alkyl substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from R¹⁰, —(CH₂)_(n)phenyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰, or a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein no more than 2 of the ring members are O or S, wherein the heterocycle is optionally fused with a phenyl ring, and the heterocycle or fused phenyl ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰;

R¹⁶ is, independently, in each instance, H, halo, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₃alkyl, —N(C₁₋₃alkyl)C₁₋₃alkyl or C₁₋₃alkyl;

R⁴ is

R⁴ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S that is optionally vicinally fused with a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the carbon atoms of the heterocycle and bridge are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₉alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, —OR^(d), —S(═O)_(n)C₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —OC₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)NR^(d)C₁₋₆alkyl and —NR^(d)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl; and saturated carbon atoms may be additionally substituted by ═O; and any nitrogen atoms in the bridge are substituted by H, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(d), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(d)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)R^(f) or —C₁₋₃alkylR^(f); or R⁴ is 10-membered bicyclic ring comprising fused 6-membered rings, containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 N atoms with the remainder being carbon atoms, with at least one of the 6-membered rings being aromatic, wherein the carbon atoms are substituted by H, halo, OR^(d), NR^(d)R^(d), C₁₋₆alkyl and C₁₋₃haloalkyl; and saturated carbon atoms may be additionally substituted by ═O; but in no instance is R⁴ 3,5-ditrifluoromethylphenyl or 3-trifluoromethyl-4-fluorophenyl;

R⁵ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), naphthyl, —CO₂(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C(═O)R^(d), —NR^(d)C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)CO₂(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)_(n)(C₁₋₆alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)S(═O)₂(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), a phenyl ring substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰; or R⁵ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S, substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰;

R⁶ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) or —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), a phenyl ring substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰; or R⁶ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰;

R⁷ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) or or —S(C₁₋₆alkyl); or R⁷ is a saturated or unsaturated 4- or 5-membered ring heterocycle containing a single nitrogen atom, wherein the ring is substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₂haloalkyl and C₁₋₃alkyl;

R⁸ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), a phenyl ring substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰, or R⁸ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰;

R⁹ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) or —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —CO₂(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), —NR^(d)C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)CO₂(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)_(n)(C₁₋₆alkyl), —S(=O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)S(═O)₂(C₁₋₆alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), a phenyl ring substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰; or R⁹ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰; or R⁹ is a saturated or unsaturated 4- or 5-membered ring heterocycle containing a single nitrogen atom, wherein the ring is substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₂haloalkyl and C₁₋₃alkyl; wherein at least one of R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ is C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —NR^(d)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) or —S(C₁₋₆alkyl);

R¹⁰ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); or R¹⁰ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), 13 SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); or R¹⁰ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d);

R¹¹ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); or R¹¹ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); or R¹¹ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together are a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the each of the carbon atoms in the bridge is substituted by H, ═O, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), and any nitrogen atoms in the bridge are substituted by H, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(d), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(d)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)R^(f) or —C₁₋₃alkylR^(f);

R¹² is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); or R¹² is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); or R¹² is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); wherein if R¹¹ or R¹³ is CF₃, then R¹² is not F; or R¹¹ and R¹² together are a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the each of the carbon atoms in the bridge is substituted by H, ═O, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C_(1-8-l alkyl), —S(═O)) ₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), and any nitrogen atoms in the bridge are substituted by H, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(d), —C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(d), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(d)C(═O)C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(═O)R^(f) or —C₁₋₃alkylR^(f);

R¹³ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); or R¹³ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); or R¹³ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d);

R¹⁴ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); or R¹⁴ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d); or R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —OR^(d), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —OC(═O)N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(d), —SR^(d), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —S(═O)₂N(R d)C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))C(═O)NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))C(═NR^(d))NR^(d)R^(d), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(d))S(═O)₂NR^(d)R^(d), —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(d)R^(d) and —NR^(d)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(d);

R^(d) is independently, at each instance, H, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl;

R^(e) is a heterocycle selected from the group of thiophene, pyrrole, 1,3-oxazole, 1,3-thiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1H-1,2,3-triazole, isothiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,3,4-oxatriazole, 1,2,3,4-thiatriazole, 1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazole, 1,2,3,5-oxatriazole, 1,2,3,5-thiatriazole, furan, imidazol-1-yl, imidazol-4-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-4-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, pyrazol-3-yl, pyrazol-5-yl, thiolane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, 4,5-dihydrothiophene, 2-pyrroline, 4,5-dihydrofuran, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine, pyridine, 2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran, thiane, 1,2-diazaperhydroine, 1,3-diazaperhydroine, piperazine, 1,3-oxazaperhydroine, morpholine, 1,3-thiazaperhydroine, 1,4-thiazaperhydroine, piperidine, 2H-3,4-dihydropyran, 2,3-dihydro-4H-thiin, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 2H-5,6-dihydropyran, 2,3-dihydro-6H-thiin, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 4H-pyran, 4H-thiin, 1,4-dihydropyridine, 1,4-dithiane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,4-oxathiane, 1,2-oxazolidine, 1,2-thiazolidine, pyrazolidine, 1,3-oxazolidine, 1,3-thiazolidine, imidazolidine, 1,2,4-oxadiazolidine, 1,3,4-oxadiazolidine, 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine, 1,3,4-thiadiazolidine, 1,2,4-triazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 4-imidazoline, 2,3-dihydroisothiazole, 4,5-dihydroisoxazole, 4,5-dihydroisothiazole, 2,5-dihydroisoxazole, 2,5-dihydroisothiazole, 2,3-dihydroisoxazole, 4,5-dihydrooxazole, 2,3-dihydrooxazole, 2,5-dihydrooxazole, 4,5-dihydrothiazole, 2,3-dihydrothiazole, 2,5-dihydrothiazole, 1,3,4-oxathiazolidine, 1,4,2-oxathiazolidine, 2,3-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, 2,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, 4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3 ]triazole, 2,3-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole, 4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]thidiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3 -dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]oxadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]thiadiazole, [1,4,2]oxathiazole, [1,3,4]oxathiazole, 1,3,5-triazaperhydroine, 1,2,4-triazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-dithiazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-dioxazaperhydroine, 1,3,5-oxadiazaperhydroine, 1,2,5-oxadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,4-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,5-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,2,5-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,4-oxadiazaperhydroine, 1,4,3-oxathiazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-oxathiazaperhydroine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]oxazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H- [1,3]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]thiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,4]thiazine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,3,5]triazine, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dithiazine, 2,3-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]oxadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]thiadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,3]oxadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,3]thiadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,3]oxathiazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]oxathiazine, 2,3-dihydro-[1,4,3]oxathiazine, 2,3-dihydro-[1,4,2]oxathiazine, 4,5-dihydropyridine, 1,6-dihydropyridine, 5,6-dihydropyridine, 2H-pyran, 2H-thiin, 3,6-dihydropyridine, 2,3-dihydropyridazine, 2,5-dihydropyridazine, 4,5-dihydropyridazine, 1,2-dihydropyridazine, 2,3-dihydropyrimidine, 2,5-dihydropyrimidine, 5,6-dihydropyrimidine, 3,6-dihydropyrimidine, 4,5-dihydropyrazine, 5,6-dihydropyrazine, 3,6-dihydropyrazine, 4,5-dihydropyrazine, 1,4-dihydropyrazine, 1,4-dithiin, 1,4-dioxin, 2H-1,2-oxazine, 6H-1,2-oxazine, 4H-1,2-oxazine, 2H-1,3-oxazine, 4H-1,3-oxazine, 6H-1,3-oxazine, 2H-1,4-oxazine, 4H-1,4-oxazine, 2H-1,3-thiazine, 2H-1,4-thiazine, 4H-1,2-thiazine, 6H-1,3-thiazine, 4H-1,4-thiazine, 2H-1,2-thiazine, 6H-1,2-thiazine, 1,4-oxathiin, 2H,5H-1,2,3 -triazine, 1H,4H- 1,2,3-triazine, 4,5-dihydro- 1,2,3-triazine, 1H,6H-1,2,3-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine, 2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 3H,6H-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,6H-1,2,4-triazine, 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,4H-1,2,4-triazine, 5,6-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 2H,5H-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,4H-1,3,5-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine, 1,4,2-dithiazine, 1,4,2-dioxazine, 2H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 2H-1,3,5-oxadiazine, 6H-1,2,5-oxadiazine, 4H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 4H-1,3,5-oxadiazine, 4H-1,2,5-oxadiazine, 2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazine, 4H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, 4H-1,3,5-thiadiazine, 4H-1,2,5-thiadiazine, 2H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, 6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, 6H-1,3,4-oxadiazine and 1,4,2-oxathiazine, wherein the heterocycle is optionally vicinally fused with a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring containing 0, 1 or 2 atoms independently selected from N, O and S;

R^(f) is phenyl substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OR^(d) and —NR^(d)R^(d); or R^(f) is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein no more than 2 of the ring members are O or S, wherein the heterocycle is optionally fused with a phenyl ring, and the carbon atoms of the heterocycle are substituted by 0, I or 2 oxo groups, wherein the heterocycle or fused phenyl ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OR^(d) and —NR^(d)R^(d); and

R^(g) is hydrogen or —CH₃.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the VR1 antagonist is a compound having the structure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

X is ═N— or ═C(R²)—;

Y is ═N— or ═C(R³)—, wherein at least one of X and Y is not ═N—;

n is independently, at each instance, 0, 1 or 2.

R¹ is

or R¹ is a naphthyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R⁵; or R¹ is R^(b) substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R⁵;

R² is, independently, in each instance, R¹⁰, C₁₋₈alkyl substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from R¹⁰, —(CH₂)_(n)phenyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰, or a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein no more than 2 of the ring members are O or S, wherein the heterocycle is optionally fused with a phenyl ring, and the heterocycle or fused phenyl ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰;

R³ is, independently, in each instance, H, halo, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₃alkyl, —N(C₁₋₃alkyl)C₁₋₃alkyl, or C₁₋₃alkyl; wherein, when X is ═C(R²)— and Y is ═C(R³)— then at least one of R² and R³ is other than H;

R⁴ is

R⁴ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S that is optionally vicinally fused with a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the carbon atoms of the heterocycle and bridge are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(e), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, —OR^(f), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —OC₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(e), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f) and —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e); and unsaturated carbon atoms may be additionally substituted by ═O; and any available nitrogen atoms in the heterocycle and bridge are substituted by H, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(f), R^(e), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(e), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)R^(e), —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(a)C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(c) or —C₁₋₃alkylR^(c); or R⁴ is naphthyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —OC₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(c), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e) and —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f); but in no instance is R⁴ 3,5-ditrifluoromethylphenyl or 3-trifluoromethyl-4-fluorophenyl, -phenyl-(C₁₋₈alkyl), -phenyl-O—(C₁₋₆alkyl), -phenyl-NR^(a)R^(a) or -phenyl-N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl);

R⁵ is independently, at each instance, R^(f), R^(g), halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(e), —OR^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), naphthyl, —CO₂R^(c), —C(═O)R^(c), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(g), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), a phenyl ring substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰; or R⁵ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S, substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰;

R⁶ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR³, —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), a phenyl ring substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰; or R⁶ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰;

R⁷ is independently, at each instance, H, acyclicC₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —S(C₁₋₆alkyl); or R⁷ is a saturated or unsaturated 4- or 5-membered ring heterocycle containing a single nitrogen atom, wherein the ring is substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₂haloalkyl and C₁₋₃alkyl;

R⁸ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), a phenyl ring substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰, or R⁸ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰;

R⁹ is independently, at each instance, R^(f), R^(g), halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(e), —OR^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), naphthyl, —CO₂R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(g), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), a phenyl ring substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰; or R⁹ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁰; or R⁹ is a saturated or unsaturated 4- or 5-membered ring heterocycle containing a single nitrogen atom, wherein the ring is substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₂haloalkyl and C₁₋₃alkyl; wherein at least one of R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ is C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —S(C₁₋₆alkyl);

R¹⁰ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹⁰ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR³)NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹⁰ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R¹¹ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹¹ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹¹ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together are a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from ═O, R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(f))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(f), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(f))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(f))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(f))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(f))C(═O)OR^(e), —N(R^(f))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(f))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f) and —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f);

R¹² is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹² is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R)C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹² is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein if R¹¹ or R¹³ is CF₃, then R¹² is not F; or R¹¹ and R¹² together are a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from ═O, R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(f))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(f), —S(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(c), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(f))C(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂N(R^(f))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(f))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(f))C(═O)OR^(e), —N(R^(f))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(f))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f) and —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f); wherein when R³ is NH₂, then —R¹¹-R¹²— is not —C═C—C═N— or any substituted version thereof;

R¹³ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R³)S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹³ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹³ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R¹⁴ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹⁴ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of 2 5 the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl) —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC(═O)NR³R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(C₁₋₈alkyl), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein at least one of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ is other than H;

R^(a) is independently, at each instance, H, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl;

R^(b) is a heterocycle selected from the group of thiophene, pyrrole, 1,3-oxazole, 1,3-thiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1H-1,2,3-triazole, isothiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,3,4-oxatriazole, 1,2,3,4-thiatriazole, 1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazole, 1,2,3,5-oxatriazole, 1,2,3,5-thiatriazole, furan, imidazol-1-yl, imidazol-4-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-4-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, pyrazol-3-yl, pyrazol-5-yl, thiolane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, 4,5-dihydrothiophene, 2-pyrroline, 4,5-dihydrofuran, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine, pyridine, 2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran, thiane, 1,2-diazaperhydroine, 1,3-diazaperhydroine, piperazine, 1,3-oxazaperhydroine, morpholine, 1,3-thiazaperhydroine, 1,4-thiazaperhydroine, piperidine, 2H-3,4-dihydropyran, 2,3-dihydro-4H-thiin, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 2H-5,6-dihydropyran, 2,3-dihydro-6H-thiin, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 4H-pyran, 4H-thiin, 1,4-dihydropyridine, 1,4-dithiane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,4-oxathiane, 1,2-oxazolidine, 1,2-thiazolidine, pyrazolidine, 1,3-oxazolidine, 1,3-thiazolidine, imidazolidine, 1,2,4-oxadiazolidine, 1,3,4-oxadiazolidine, 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine, 1,3,4-thiadiazolidine, 1,2,4-triazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 4-imidazoline, 2,3-dihydroisothiazole, 4,5-dihydroisoxazole, 4,5-dihydroisothiazole, 2,5-dihydroisoxazole, 2,5-dihydroisothiazole, 2,3-dihydroisoxazole, 4,5-dihydrooxazole, 2,3-dihydrooxazole, 2,5-dihydrooxazole, 4,5-dihydrothiazole, 2,3-dihydrothiazole, 2,5-dihydrothiazole, 1,3,4-oxathiazolidine, 1,4,2-oxathiazolidine, 2,3-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, 2,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, 4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, 2,3-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole, 4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]thidiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3 -dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]oxadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]thiadiazole, [1,4,2]oxathiazole, [1,3,4]oxathiazole, 1,3,5-triazaperhydroine, 1,2,4-triazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-dithiazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-dioxazaperhydroine, 1,3,5-oxadiazaperhydroine, 1,2,5-oxadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,4-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,5-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,2,5-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,4-oxadiazaperhydroine, 1,4,3-oxathiazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-oxathiazaperhydroine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]oxazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H- [1,3]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]thiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,4]thiazine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,3,5]triazine, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dithiazine, 2,3-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]oxadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]thiadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,3]oxadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,3]thiadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,3]oxathiazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]oxathiazine, 2,3-dihydro-[1,4,3]oxathiazine, 2,3-dihydro-[1,4,2]oxathiazine, 4,5-dihydropyridine, 1,6-dihydropyridine, 5,6-dihydropyridine, 2H-pyran, 2H-thiin, 3,6-dihydropyridine, 2,3-dihydropyridazine, 2,5-dihydropyridazine, 4,5-dihydropyridazine, 1,2-dihydropyridazine, 2,3-dihydropyrimidine, 2,5-dihydropyrimidine, 5,6-dihydropyrimidine, 3,6-dihydropyrimidine, 4,5-dihydropyrazine, 5,6-dihydropyrazine, 3,6-dihydropyrazine, 4,5-dihydropyrazine, 1,4-dihydropyrazine, 1,4-dithiin, 1,4-dioxin, 2H-1,2-oxazine, 6H-1,2-oxazine, 4H-1,2-oxazine, 2H-1,3-oxazine, 4H-1,3-oxazine, 6H-1,3-oxazine, 2H-1,4-oxazine, 4H-1,4-oxazine, 2H-1,3-thiazine, 2H-1,4-thiazine, 4H-1,2-thiazine, 6H-1,3-thiazine, 4H-1,4-thiazine, 2H-1,2-thiazine, 6H-1,2-thiazine, 1,4-oxathiin, 2H,5H-1,2,3-triazine, 1H,4H-1,2,3-triazine, 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine, 1H,6H-1,2,3-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine, 2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 3H,6H-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,6H-1,2,4-triazine, 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,4H-1,2,4-triazine, 5,6-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 2H,5H-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,4H-1,3,5-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine, 1,4,2-dithiazine, 1,4,2-dioxazine, 2H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 2H-1,3,5-oxadiazine, 6H-1,2,5-oxadiazine, 4H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 4H-1,3,5-oxadiazine, 4H-1,2,5-oxadiazine, 2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazine, 4H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, 4H-1,3,5-thiadiazine, 4H-1,2,5-thiadiazine, 2H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, 6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, 6H-1,3,4-oxadiazine and 1,4,2-oxathiazine, wherein the heterocycle is optionally vicinally fused with a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring containing 0, 1 or 2 atoms independently selected from N, O and S;

R^(c) is independently, in each instance, phenyl substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OR^(a) and —NR^(a)R^(a); or R^(c) is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein no more than 2 of the ring members are O or S, wherein the heterocycle is optionally fused with a phenyl ring, and the carbon atoms of the heterocycle are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the heterocycle or fused phenyl ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OR^(a) and —NR^(a)R^(a);

R^(d) is hydrogen or —CH₃;

R^(e) is, independently, in each instance, C₁₋₉alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the C₁₋₉alkyl is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(g);

R^(f) is, independently, in each instance, R^(e) or H; and

R^(g) is, independently, in each instance, a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered monocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0 or 1 oxo groups.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the VR1 antagonist is a compound having the structure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

J is O or S;

X is N or ═C(R²);

Y is N or ═C(R³), wherein at least one of X and Y is not N;

n is independently, at each instance, 0, 1 or 2.

R¹ is

or R¹ is R^(b) substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(f), R^(g), halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(e), —OR^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), naphthyl, —CO₂R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(g), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆alkylN^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), and R^(b) is additionally substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups independently selected from R^(c); or R¹ is phenyl that is vicinally fused with a saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the heterocycle and bridge are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R⁵;

R² is, independently, in each instance, R¹⁴, halo, C₁₋₈alkyl substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from R¹⁴, halo, —(CH₂)_(n)phenyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁴ and halo, or a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein no more than 2 of the ring members are O or S, wherein the heterocycle is optionally fused with a phenyl ring, and the heterocycle or fused phenyl ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁴ and halo; or R² is —OR⁴ or —N(R^(a))R⁴;

R³ is, independently, in each instance, H, halo, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₃alkyl, —N(C₁₋₃alkyl)C₁₋₃alkyl, or C₁₋₃alkyl; wherein, when X is C(R²) and Y is C(R³) then at least one of R² and R³ is other than H;

R⁴ is independently at each instance

R⁴ is independently at each instance a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S that is optionally vicinally fused with a saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the heterocycle and bridge are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(c), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, oxo, thioxo, —OR^(f), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —OC₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(e), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(c), —C(═O)OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(c), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f) and —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e); or R⁴ is independently at each instance naphthyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —OC₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(e), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e) and —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f); but in no instance is R⁴-phenyl-(C₁₋₈alkyl), -phenyl-O—(C₁₋₆alkyl), -phenyl-NR^(a)R^(a) or -phenyl-N(R^(a))C(═O)(C₁₋₈alkyl);

R⁵ is independently, at each instance, R^(f), R^(h), halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(f), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), naphthyl, —CO₂R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(f), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(c), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(h), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(h) or —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h);

R⁶ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro —OR^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), a phenyl ring substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁴ and halo; or R⁶ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁴ and halo;

R⁷ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) or —S(C₁₋₆alkyl); or R⁷ is a saturated or unsaturated 4- or 5-membered ring heterocycle containing a single nitrogen atom, wherein the ring is substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₂haloalkyl and C₁₋₃alkyl;

R⁸ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, —OC₁₋₆alkyl, —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —S(C₁₋₆alkyl), a phenyl ring substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁴ and halo, or R⁸ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from R¹⁴ and halo;

R⁹ is independently, at each instance, R^(f), R^(h), halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(f), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), naphthyl, —CO₂R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(f), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(e), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(h), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(h) or —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h); or R⁹ is a saturated or unsaturated 4- or 5-membered ring heterocycle containing a single nitrogen atom, wherein the ring is substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from halo, C₁₋₂haloalkyl and C₁₋₃alkyl;

wherein at least one of R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ is R^(e), R^(h), halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(h), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), naphthyl, —CO₂R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(f), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(e), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(h), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), or —OC₁₋₈alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(f), R^(h), halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(f), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), naphthyl, —CO₂R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(c), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(c), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(f), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(e), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(h), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(h) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h);

R¹⁰ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); or R¹⁰ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein there are no more than 2 N atoms, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); or R¹⁰ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(c), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h);

R¹¹ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(c), —S(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(c), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); or R¹¹ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); or R¹¹ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together are a saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-atom bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(c), R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(c), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together are a saturated or partially unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-carbon bridge, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(c), R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); and when R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together form a bridge, R¹² may additionally be halo or —CF₃, R¹³ may additionally be halo or —OR^(a) or cyano or nitro, and R¹⁴ may additionally be halo;

R¹² is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); or R¹² is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(c), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); or R¹² is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(c), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), and additionally substituted by 0, 1 or 2 halo groups; or R¹¹ and R¹² together are a saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-atom bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(c), R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); wherein when R³ is NH₂, then —R¹¹-R¹²— is not —C═C—C═N— or any substituted version thereof, or R¹¹ and R¹² together are a saturated or partially unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-carbon bridge, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(c), R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R¹, —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); and when R¹¹ and R¹² together form a bridge, R¹⁰ may additionally be halo, R¹³ may additionally be halo or —OR^(a) or cyano or nitro, and R¹⁴ may additionally be halo;

R¹³ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylO^(h); or R¹³ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); or R¹³ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h);

R¹⁴ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₅alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂ R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂ R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); or R¹⁴ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein there are no more than 2 N atoms, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); or R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(e), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)OR^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —OR^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —OC(═O)N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —SR^(h), —S(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —S(═O)₂N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)OR^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(h), —N(R^(h))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h); wherein at least one of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ is other than H;

R^(a) is independently, at each instance, H, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl, the phenyl, benzyl and C₁₋₆alkyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl;

R^(b) is a heterocycle selected from the group of thiophene, pyrrole, 1,3-oxazole, 1,3-thiazol-4-yl, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1H-1,2,3-triazole, isothiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,3,4-oxatriazole, 1,2,3,4-thiatriazole, 1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazole, 1,2,3,5-oxatriazole, 1,2,3,5-thiatriazole, furan, imidazol-2-yl, benzimidazole, 1,2,4-triazole, isoxazole, pyrazol-3-yl, pyrazol-4-yl, pyrazol-5-yl, thiolane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, 4,5-dihydrothiophene, 2-pyrroline, 4,5-dihydrofuran, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine, pyridine, 2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran, thiane, 1,2-diazaperhydroine, 1,3-diazaperhydroine, piperazine, 1,3-oxazaperhydroine, morpholine, 1,3-thiazaperhydroine, 1,4-thiazaperhydroine, piperidine, 2H-3,4-dihydropyran, 2,3-dihydro-4H-thiin, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 2H-5,6-dihydropyran, 2,3-dihydro-6H-thiin, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 4H-pyran, 4H-thiin, 1,4-dihydropyridine, 1,4-dithiane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,4-oxathiane, 1,2-oxazolidine, 1,2-thiazolidine, pyrazolidine, 1,3-oxazolidine, 1,3-thiazolidine, imidazolidine, 1,2,4-oxadiazolidine, 1,3,4-oxadiazolidine, 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine, 1,3,4-thiadiazolidine, 1,2,4-triazolidine, 2-imidazolin-1-yl, 2-imidazolin-2-yl, 3-imidazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 4-imidazoline, 2,3-dihydroisothiazole, 4,5-dihydroisoxazole, 4,5-dihydroisothiazole, 2,5-dihydroisoxazole, 2,5-dihydroisothiazole, 2,3-dihydroisoxazole, 4,5-dihydrooxazole, 2,3-dihydrooxazole, 2,5-dihydrooxazole, 4,5-dihydrothiazole, 2,3-dihydrothiazole, 2,5-dihydrothiazole, 1,3,4-oxathiazolidine, 1,4,2-oxathiazolidine, 2,3-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, 2,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazole, 4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3 ]triazol-1-yl, 4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-3-yl, 4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole, 4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole, 2,3 -dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazole, 2,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]thiadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]oxadiazole, 2,3-dihydro-[1,3,4]thiadiazole, [1,4,2]oxathiazole, [1,3,4]oxathiazole, 1,3,5-triazaperhydroine, 1,2,4-triazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-dithiazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-dioxazaperhydroine, 1,3,5-oxadiazaperhydroine, 1,2,5-oxadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,4-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,5-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,2,5-thiadiazaperhydroine, 1,3,4-oxadiazaperhydroine, 1,4,3-oxathiazaperhydroine, 1,4,2-oxathiazaperhydroine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazine, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]oxazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]thiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H- [1,3]thiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]thiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,4]thiazine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,3,5]triazine, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]dithiazine, 2,3 -dihydro-[1,4,2]dioxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]oxadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]thiadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,3,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,3]oxadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3,4]oxadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]oxadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,3]thiadiazine, 3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3,4]thiadiazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2,5]thiadiazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,3]oxathiazine, 5,6-dihydro-[1,4,2]oxathiazine, 2,3-dihydro-[1,4,3]oxathiazine, 2,3-dihydro-[1,4,2]oxathiazine, 3,4-dihydropyridine, 1,2-dihydropyridine, 5,6-dihydropyridine, 2H-pyran, 2H-thiin, 3,6-dihydropyridine, 2,3-dihydropyridazine, 2,5-dihydropyridazine, 4,5-dihydropyridazine, 1,2-dihydropyridazine, 1,4-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl, 1,4-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl, 1,4-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl, 1,4-dihydropyrimidin-6-yl, 2,3-dihydropyrimidine, 2,5-dihydropyrimidine, 5,6-dihydropyrimidine, 3,6-dihydropyrimidine, 5,6-dihydropyrazine, 3,6-dihydropyrazine, 4,5-dihydropyrazine, 1,4-dihydropyrazine, 1,4-dithiin, 1,4-dioxin, 2H-1,2-oxazine, 6H-1,2-oxazine, 4H-1,2-oxazine, 2H-1,3-oxazine, 4H-1,3-oxazine, 6H-1,3-oxazine, 2H-1,4-oxazine, 4H-1,4-oxazine, 2H-1,3-thiazine, 2H-1,4-thiazine, 4H-1,2-thiazine, 6H-1,3-thiazine, 4H-1,4-thiazine, 2H-1,2-thiazine, 6H-1,2-thiazine, 1,4-oxathiin, 2H,5H-1,2,3-triazine, 1H,4H-1,2,3-triazine, 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine, 1H,6H-1,2,3-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine, 2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 3H,6H-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,6H-1,2,4-triazine, 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,4H-1,2,4-triazine, 5,6-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 2H,5H-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine, 1H,4H-1,3,5-triazine, 1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine, 1,4,2-dithiazine, 1,4,2-dioxazine, 2H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 2H-1,3,5-oxadiazine, 6H-1,2,5-oxadiazine, 4H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, 4H-1,3,5-oxadiazine, 4H-1,2,5-oxadiazine, 2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazine, 4H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, 4H-1,3,5-thiadiazine, 4H-1,2,5-thiadiazine, 2H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, 6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, 6H-1,3,4-oxadiazine, and 1,4,2-oxathiazine, wherein the heterocycle is optionally vicinally fused with a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring containing 0, 1 or 2 atoms independently selected from N, O and S;

R^(c)is independently, in each instance, phenyl substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OR^(a) and —NR³R³; or R^(c) is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein no more than 2 of the ring members are O or S, wherein the heterocycle is optionally fused with a phenyl ring, and the carbon atoms of the heterocycle are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the heterocycle or fused phenyl ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OR^(a) and —NR^(a)R^(a);

R^(d) is independently in each instance hydrogen or —CH₃;

R^(e) is, independently, in each instance, C₁₋₉alkyl or C₁₋₄alkyl(phenyl) wherein either is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the C₁₋₉alkyl is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(h);

R^(f) is, independently, in each instance, R^(e) or H;

R^(g) is, independently, in each instance, a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered monocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the ring is substituted by 0 or 1 oxo or thioxo groups; and

R^(h) is, independently, in each instance, phenyl or a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered monocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the ring is substituted by 0 or 1 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the phenyl or monocycle are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(f), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f).

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the VR1 antagonist is a compound having the formula,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein,

P is selected from phenyl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from halo, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aralkoxy, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkoxy, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, ═O, —OCF₃, —CF₃, NR⁴R⁵, —S(O)_(m)R⁶, —S(O)₂NR⁴R⁵, —OS(O)₂R⁶, —OS(O)₂CF₃, —O(CH₂)_(n)NR⁴R⁵, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)alkyl, —C(O)cycloalkyl, —C(O)aralkyl, —C(O)Ar, —C(O)(CH₂)_(n)OR⁶, C(O)(CH₂)_(n)NR⁴R⁵, —C(O)alkoxy, —C(O)NR⁴R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)alkoxy, (CH₂)_(n)OC(O)R⁶, —O(CH₂)_(n)OR⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)OR⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)NR⁴R⁵ , (CH₂)_(n)C(O)NR⁴R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)N(R⁴)C(O)R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)S(O)₂NR⁴R⁵, (CH₂)_(n)N(R⁴)S(O)₂R⁶, -ZAr, —(CH₂)_(n)S(O)2R⁶, —(OCH₂)_(n)S(O)₂R⁶, N(R⁴)S(O)₂R⁶, —N(R⁴)C(O)R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)N(R⁴)S(O)₂R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)N(R⁴)C(O)R⁶ or —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)alkyl;

R³ is selected from alkyl, alkoxy, —CF₃, halo, —O(CH₂)_(n)OR⁶, —O(CH₂)_(n)NR⁴R⁵, phenyl, cyclohexyl, benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, morpholinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyridizinyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, indanyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl or thiadiazolyl; wherein said alkyl, alkoxy, phenyl, cyclohexyl, benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, morpholinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyridizinyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, indanyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxediazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl and thiadiazolyl groups may be optionally substituted by one or more groups, which may be the same or different, selected from R²;

R⁴ and R⁵ may be the same or different and represent —H or alkyl or R⁴ and R⁵ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocyclic ring;

R⁶ is —H, alkyl or aryl;

R⁷ is —H, alkyl or aryl;

R⁸ is selected from H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, —S(O)_(m)R⁶, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)alkyl, —C(O)cycloalkyl, —C(O)aralkyl, —C(O)Ar, —C(O)(CH₂)_(n)OR⁶, —C(O)(CH₂)_(n)NR⁴R⁵, C(O)alkoxy, —C(O)NR⁴R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)alkoxy, —(CH₂)_(n)OC(O)R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)OR⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)NR⁴R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)NR⁴R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)N(R⁴)C(O)R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)S(O)₂NR⁴R⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)N(R⁴)S(O)₂R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)S(O)₂R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)N(R⁴)S(O)₂R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)N(R⁴)C(O)R⁶ or —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)alkyl; or where X is NR⁸ and Y is C(R⁹)₂, R⁸ may combine with R¹ to form a benzoquinuclidine group;

R⁹ is H or R¹;

Ar is aryl or heteroaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted by R²;

Z is a bond, O, S, NR⁷ or CH₂;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

n is an integer value from 1 to 6;

q and r are independently selected from 0, 1, 2 or 3;

s is , 1, 2 or 3; and

X and Y are selected from the following combinations:

X Y N CR⁹ NR⁸ C(R⁹)₂ CR⁹ N C(R⁹)₂ NR⁸

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the VR1 antagonist is a compound having the structure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein:

X is N or C; wherein, when X is N,

represents single bond, and when X is C, then

represents a single or double bond;

R¹ is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R¹ is phenyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R² is independently a partially saturated or unsaturated 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R² is independently a partially saturated or unsaturated 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic carbocyclic ring substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R³ and R^(3′) are independently, at each instance, H, methyl or ethyl; or R³ and R^(3′) together may be combined with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form cyclopropyl;

R⁴ is H or methyl;

R^(a) is independently, at each instance, H or R^(b); and

R^(b) is independently, at each instance, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl, the phenyl, benzyl and C₁₋₆alkyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the VR1 antagonist is a compound having the structure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein:

represents a single or double bond;

J is NH, O or S;

X¹ is N or C;

X² is N or C;

Y is N or C(R¹¹);

Z is N or C(R¹⁰), wherein no more than one of Y and Z is N;

n 0, 1 or 2;

m is 0 or 1;

wherein A) when X¹ and X² are both C

R¹ is is —OR^(a), —OR^(c), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —SR^(b), —SR^(c), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(c) or C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and additionally substituted by 0 or 1 substituents selected from a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, sulfur atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, nitrogen atoms of the ring are substituted by 0 or 1 oxo groups, and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and the ring is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I; or R¹ is C₁₋₆heteroalkyl chain substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and additionally substituted by a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

B) when at least one of X¹ and X² is N, and J is NH, then

R¹ is C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and additionally substituted by a substituent selected from

i) a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, sulfur atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, nitrogen atoms of the ring are substituted by 0 or 1 oxo groups, and the ring is substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and the ring is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I;

ii) a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, sulfur atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, nitrogen atoms of the ring are substituted by 0 or 1 oxo groups, and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═N^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and the ring is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I; and

iii) a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 6-membered monocyclic carbocyclic ring or a 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic carbocyclic ring substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or

R¹ is C₁₋₆heteroalkyl chain substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and additionally substituted by a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, sulfur atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, nitrogen atoms of the ring are substituted by 0 or 1 oxo groups, and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and the ring is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I; or R¹ is —OR^(a), —OR^(c), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(c), —SR^(b), —SR^(c), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(b) or —S(═O)₂R^(c), and

C) when at least one of X¹ and X² is N, and J is O, then

Y and Z are both CH; and

R¹ is C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and additionally substituted by a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, sulfur atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, nitrogen atoms of the ring are substituted by 0 or 1 oxo groups, and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and the ring is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I; or R¹ is C₁₋₆heteroalkyl chain substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and additionally substituted by a a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, sulfur atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, nitrogen atoms of the ring are substituted by 0 or 1 oxo groups, and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and the ring is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I; or R¹ is —OR^(a), —OR^(c), —NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(c), —SR^(b), —SR^(c), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(b) or —S(═O)₂R^(c);

R² is, independently, in each instance, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, F, Cl, or Br;

R² is —OR^(b), —NR^(a)R^(b), —SR^(b), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b) or C₁₋₆alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and additionally substituted by 0 or 1 substituents selected from a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R^(2′) is C₁₋₆heteroalkyl chain substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and additionally substituted by a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups and the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R⁴ is

R⁴ is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S that is optionally vicinally fused with a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the carbon atoms of the heterocycle and bridge are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(e), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, —OR^(f), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —OC₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(e), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f) and —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e); and unsaturated carbon atoms may be additionally substituted by ═O; and any available nitrogen atoms in the heterocycle and bridge are substituted by H, —C₁₋₆alkylOR^(f), R^(e), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)OR^(e), —C₁₋₃alkylC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C₁₋₃alkylOC(═O)R^(e), —C₁₋₃alkylNR^(a)C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(c) or —C₁₋₃alkylR^(c); or R⁴ is naphthyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —OC₁₋₆alkylC(═O)OR^(e), —NR^(a)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e) and —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f);

R⁵ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁵ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁵ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R⁶ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁶ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁶ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁵ and R⁶ together are a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-atom bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(f))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(f), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(f))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(f))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(f))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(f))C(═O)OR^(e), —N(R^(f))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(f))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f) and —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f);

R⁷ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁷ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁷ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁶ and R⁷ together are a saturated or unsaturated 3- or 4-atom bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from ═O, R^(e), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(f))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(f), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(f))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(f))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(^(f)R)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(f))C(═O)OR^(e), —N(R^(f))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(f))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(f))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f) and —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f);

R⁸ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁸ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁸ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R⁹ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a)and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁹ is a saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11 -membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is fused with 0 or 1 benzo groups and 0 or 1 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S; wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); or R⁹ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)(R^(b)), —C(═O)O(R^(b)), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)(R^(b)), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)O(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂(R^(b)), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); wherein at least one of R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ is other than H;

R¹⁰ is

-   -   (A) C₁₋₈alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents         independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(m),         —OR^(n), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(m),         —NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)R^(n), —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), —CO₂R^(k), —C(═O)R^(k),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(k),         —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(m)CO₂R^(k),         —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(m), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —S(═O)_(n)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(k) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(m),         and additionally substituted by 0, 1 or 2 R^(i) groups, and         additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents         independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I; or     -   (B) a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or         7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered         bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N,         O and S, wherein the available carbon atoms of the ring are         substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring         is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently         selected from R^(k), R^(h), halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(k),         —OR^(n), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(m),         —NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)R^(n), —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), naphthyl, —CO₂R^(k), —C(═O)R^(k),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(k),         —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(m)CO₂R^(k),         —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(m), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —S(═O)_(n)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(k) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(m),         and the ring is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5         substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I; or     -   (C) —N(R^(a))—C₁₋₈alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₈alkyl is substituted by         0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(h),         halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(k), —OR^(n), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), —NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)R^(n),         —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), naphthyl,         —CO₂R^(k), —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(n),         —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(k), —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m),         —NR^(m)CO₂R^(k), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(m), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —S(═O)_(n)R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(k) and         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3,         4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I;         or     -   (D) —OC₁₋₈alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₈alkyl is substituted by 0, 1, 2         or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(k), R^(h),         halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), —NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)R^(n),         —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), naphthyl,         —CO₂R^(k), —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(n),         —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(k), —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m),         —NR^(m)CO₂R^(k), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(m), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —S(═O)_(n)R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(k) and         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3,         4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I;         or     -   (E) H, cyano, —OR^(u), —SR^(i), —N(R^(a))R^(i), —OH or —NH₂;

R¹¹ is

-   -   (A) C₁₋₈alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents         independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(m),         —OR^(n), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(m),         —NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)R^(n), —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), —CO₂R^(k), —C(═O)R^(k),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(k),         —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(m)CO₂R^(k),         —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(m), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —S(═O)_(n)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(k) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(m),         and additionally substituted by 0, 1 or 2 R^(i) groups, and         additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents         independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I; or     -   (B) a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or         7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered         bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N,         O and S, wherein the available carbon atoms of the ring are         substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring         is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently         selected from R^(k), R^(h), halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(k),         —OR^(n), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(m),         —NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)R^(n), —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), naphthyl, —CO₂R^(k), —C(═O)R^(k),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(k),         —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(m)CO₂R^(k),         —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(m), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —S(═O)_(n)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(k) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(m),         and the ring is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5         substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I; or     -   (C) —N(R^(a))—C₁₋₈alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₈alkyl is substituted by         0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(h),         halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(k), —OR^(n), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), —NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)R^(n),         —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), naphthyl,         —CO₂R^(k), —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(n),         —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(k), —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m),         —NR^(m)CO₂R^(k), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(m), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —S(═O)_(n)R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(k) and         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3,         4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I;         or     -   (D) —OC₁₋₈alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₈alkyl is substituted by 0, 1, 2         or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(k), R^(h),         halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), —NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)R^(n),         —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(m)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(m), naphthyl,         —CO₂R^(k), —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(n),         —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(k), —NR^(m)C(═O)R^(n), —NR^(m)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(m),         —NR^(m)CO₂R^(k), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(m), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(m),         —S(═O)_(n)R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(m), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(k) and         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(m), and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3,         4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I;         or     -   (E) H, cyano, —OR^(i), —SR^(i), —N(R^(a))R^(i), —OH or —NH₂;

R^(a) is independently, at each instance, H or R^(b);

R^(b) is independently, at each instance, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl, the phenyl, benzyl and C₁₋₆alkyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, OH, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl;

R^(c) is independently, in each instance, phenyl substituted by 0, 1 or 2 groups selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OR^(a) and —NR^(a)R^(a); or R^(c) is a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, wherein no more than 2 of the ring members are O or S, wherein the heterocycle is optionally fused with a phenyl ring, and the carbon atoms of the heterocycle are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, wherein the heterocycle or fused phenyl ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OR^(a) and —NR^(a)R^(a);

R^(e) is, independently, in each instance, C₁₋₉alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂R^(b), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(b), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(b), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the C₁₋₉alkyl is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(g);

R^(f) is, independently, in each instance, R^(e) or H;

R^(g) is, independently, in each instance, a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered monocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0 or 1 oxo groups;

R^(h) is, independently, in each instance, phenyl or a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered monocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the ring is substituted by 0 or 1 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the phenyl or monocycle are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)OR^(e), —C(═W)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —OR^(f), —OC(═O)R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —SR^(f), —S(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(e), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(f), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f);

R^(i) is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the available carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(f), R^(g), R^(c), halo, nitro, cyano, —OR^(e), —OR^(g), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), naphthyl, —CO₂R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(c), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(g), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(c), —NR^(f)C(═O)R^(g), —NR^(f)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(f)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), and the ring is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I;

R^(k) is, independently, in each instance, C₁₋₉alkyl or C₁₋₄alkyl(phenyl) wherein either is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R³)C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the C₁₋₉alkyl is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(h) and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I;

R^(m) is, independently, in each instance, R^(c) or H; and

R^(n) is, independently, in each instance, a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered monocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the ring is substituted by 0 or 1 oxo or thioxo groups.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the VR1 antagonist is a compound having the structure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

J is O or S;

X is N or C(R²);

Y is N or C(R³), wherein at least one of X and Y is not N;

n is independently, at each instance, 0, 1 or 2;

R¹ is

or R¹ is R^(b) substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from R^(e), R^(h), —OR^(e), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —CO₂R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(e), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(e)CO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(a), —OS(═O)₂R^(h) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, R^(i), R^(k), —OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)_(n)R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(a), —OS(═O)₂R^(a) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(e);

R² is selected from H, halo, cyano, nitro, R^(i), R^(k), —OH, —OR^(i), —OR^(k), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)R^(k), —S(O)_(n)R^(i), —S(O)_(n)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(n)R^(i), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(n)R^(k), —S(O)_(n)N(R^(a))R^(i), —S(O)_(n)N(R^(a))R^(k), —NH₂, —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(i) and —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(i) and —NR^(a)R^(k);

R³ is selected from H, halo, cyano, nitro, R^(i), R^(k), —OH, —OR^(i), —OR^(k), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)R^(k), —S(O)_(n)R^(i), —S(O)_(n)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(n)R^(i), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(n)R^(k), —S(O)_(n)N(R^(a))R^(i), —S(O)_(n)N(R^(a))R^(k), —NH₂, —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(i) and —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(i) and —NR^(a)R^(k);

R⁴ is independently at each instance

R⁴ is independently at each instance a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S that is optionally vicinally fused with a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the heterocycle and bridge are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the heterocycle is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(i) and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I; or R⁴ is independently at each instance naphthyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the naphthyl is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(i) and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I;

R⁵ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(al , —NR) ^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R⁶ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R⁷ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and

A)

-   -   R⁸ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl,         halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),         —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a),         —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and     -   R⁹ is independently, at each instance, R^(e), R^(h), —OR^(e),         —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(e),         —NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —CO₂R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e),         —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(e),         —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(e), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e),         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),         —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(h)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(e)CO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),         —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(a), —OS(═O)₂R^(h) or         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h); or

B)

-   -   R⁸ is independently, at each instance, R^(e), R^(h), —OR^(e),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(c), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(c), —NR^(a)R^(c),         —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(c),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —CO₂R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(h),         —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(e),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(e),         —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —OR^(h),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h),         —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(e)CO₂R^(a),         —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(a),         —OS(═O)₂R^(h) or —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h); and     -   R⁹ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl,         halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),         —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a),         —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R¹⁰ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, halo, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OH, —NH₂, —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁰ is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein there are no more than 2 N atoms, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁰ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i);

R¹¹ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylO^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹¹ is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹¹ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together are a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-atom bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(i), R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k)—OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i) l, —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together are a saturated or partially unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-carbon bridge, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(i), R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i);

R¹² is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹² is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹² is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), and additionally substituted by 0, 1 or 2 halo groups; or R¹¹ and R¹² together are a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-atom bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(i), R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R³)C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹¹ and R¹² together are a saturated or partially unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-carbon bridge, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(i), R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylN^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i);

R¹³ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, C₁₋₈alkyl, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹³ is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹³ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i);

R¹⁴ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁴ is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein there are no more than 2 N atoms, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); wherein at least one of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ is other than H;

R^(a) is independently, at each instance, H, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl, the phenyl, benzyl and C₁₋₆alkyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl;

R^(b) is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, sulfur atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, nitrogen atoms of the ring are substituted by 0 or 1 oxo groups;

R^(d) is independently in each instance hydrogen or —CH₃;

R^(e) is, independently, in each instance, C₁₋₉alkyl substituted by a group independently selected from R^(h); and wherein the C₁₋₉alkyl is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R^(h) is, independently, in each instance, phenyl or a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the ring is substituted by 0 or 1 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the phenyl and monocycle are substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from C₁₋₉alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the phenyl and monocycle are additionally substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from C₁₋₉alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R^(i) is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the available carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₉alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and C₁₋₉alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and

R^(k) is, independently, in each instance, C₁₋₉alkyl or C₁₋₄alkyl(phenyl) wherein either is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the C₁₋₉alkyl is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(i) and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the VR1 antagonist is a compound having the structure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

X is N or C(R²);

Y is N or C(R³), wherein at least one of X and Y is not N;

n is independently, at each instance, 0, 1 or 2;

R¹ is

or R¹ is R^(b) substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from R^(e), R^(h), —OR^(e), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —CO₂R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(e), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(e)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(e)CO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(a), —OS(═O)₂R^(h) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, R^(i), R^(k), —OR^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —CO₂R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)(C₁₋₆alkyl), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(a), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)_(n)R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(a), —OS(═O)₂R^(a) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(e);

R² is selected from H, halo, cyano, nitro, R^(i), R^(k), —OH, —OR^(i), —OR^(k), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)R^(k), —S(O)_(n)R^(i), —S(O)_(n)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(n)R^(i), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(n)R^(k), —S(O)_(n)N(R^(a))R^(i), —S(O)_(n)N(R^(a))R^(k), —NH₂, —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(i) and —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(i) and —NR^(a)R^(k);

R³ is selected from H, halo, cyano, nitro, R^(i), R^(k), —OH, —OR^(i), —OR^(k), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)R^(k), —S(O)_(n)R^(i), —S(O)_(n)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(n)R^(i), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(n)R^(k), —S(O)_(n)N(R^(a))R^(i), —S(O)_(n)N(R^(a))R^(k), —NH₂, —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(i) and —NR^(a)R^(k);

R⁴ is independently at each instance

R⁴ is independently at each instance a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycle containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S that is optionally vicinally fused with a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-atom bridge containing 0, 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the heterocycle and bridge are substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the heterocycle is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(i) and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I; or R⁴ is independently at each instance naphthyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the naphthyl is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(i) and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I;

R⁵ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R⁶ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R⁷ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and

A)

-   -   R⁸ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl,         halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),         —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a),         —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and     -   R⁹ is independently, at each instance, R^(e), R^(h), —OR^(e),         —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(e),         —NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(c), —CO₂R^(c), —OC(═O)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(e),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(c), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e),         —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(e),         —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(e), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e),         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h),         —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(h)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(e)CO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(e),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h),         —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(a), —OS(═O)₂R^(h) or         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h); or

B)

-   -   R⁸ is independently, at each instance, R^(e), R^(h), —OR^(e),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —NR^(a)R^(e),         —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —CO₂R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(h),         —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(e),         —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(e),         —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(c), —OS(═O)₂R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(c), —OR^(h),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h),         —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(e)CO₂R^(a),         —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(a),         —OS(═O)₂R^(h) or —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h); and     -   R⁹ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl,         halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a),         —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a),         —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R¹⁰ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, halo, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OH, —NH₂, —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁰ is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein there are no more than 2 N atoms, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁰ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i);

R¹¹ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(u); or R¹¹ is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹¹ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═N)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together are a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-atom bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(i), R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)N^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a)C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together are a saturated or partially unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-carbon bridge, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(i), R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a)C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a)C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a)C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a)C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i);

R¹² is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹² is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹² is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═N)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylN^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), and additionally substituted by 0, 1 or 2 halo groups; or R¹¹ and R¹² together are a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-atom bridge containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from O, N and S with the remaining atoms being carbon, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(i), R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹¹ and R¹² together are a saturated or partially unsaturated 3-, 4- or 5-carbon bridge, wherein the bridge is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(i), R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i);

R¹³ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OH, —NH₂, —SH, C₁₋₈alkyl, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹³ is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹³ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),—OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i);

R¹⁴ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —NH₂, —SH, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁴ is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein there are no more than 2 N atoms, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k) —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); wherein at least one of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ is other than H;

R^(a) is independently, at each instance, H, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl, the phenyl, benzyl and C₁₋₆alkyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl;

R^(b) is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, sulfur atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, nitrogen atoms of the ring are substituted by 0 or 1 oxo groups;

R^(d) is independently in each instance hydrogen or —CH₃;

R^(e) is, independently, in each instance, C₁₋₉alkyl substituted by a group independently selected from R^(h); and wherein the C₁₋₉alkyl is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R^(h) is, independently, in each instance, phenyl or a saturated, partially 25 saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the ring is substituted by 0 or 1 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the phenyl and monocycle are substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from C₁₋₉alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the phenyl and monocycle are additionally substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from C₁₋₉alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R^(i) is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the available carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₉alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and C₁₋₉alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and

R^(k) is, independently, in each instance, C₁₋₉alkyl or C₁₋₄alkyl(phenyl) wherein either is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the C₁₋₉alkyl is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(i) and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I.

In conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the VR1 antagonist is a compound having the structure:

or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

X is N and Y is C(R³); or X is C(R²) and Y is N;

n is independently, at each instance, 0, 1 or 2;

R¹ is

or R¹ is R^(b) substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from R^(e), R^(h), —OR^(f), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(f), —CO₂R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(f), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(f), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(f), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(f), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(f), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(e)CO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(a), —OS(═O)₂R^(h) and —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h);

R² is selected from H, halo, cyano, nitro, R^(i), R^(k), —OH, —OR^(i), —OR^(k), —S(O)_(n)R^(i), —S(O)_(n)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(n)R^(i), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(n)R^(k), —S(O)_(n)N(R^(a))R^(i), —S(O)_(n)N(R^(a))R^(k), —NH₂, —NR^(a)R^(i) and —NR^(a)R^(k);

R³ is selected from H, halo, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₃alkyl, —N(C₁₋₃alkyl)C₁₋₃alkyl, or C₁₋₃alkyl;

R⁴ is

R⁴ is naphthyl substituted by OH, NH₂ or NHC₁₋₆alkyl, and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the naphthyl is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(i) and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I;

R⁵ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R⁶ is independently, at each instance, H, R^(k), C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R⁷ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), R^(e), R^(h), —OR^(e), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —CO₂R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e)C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(c), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(c), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(e), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(e) CO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(a), —OS(═O)₂R^(h) or —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h);

R⁸ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), R^(e), R^(h), —OR^(e), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(c), —NR^(a)R^(c), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(c), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —CO₂R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(e), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(e)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(e)CO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(a), —OS(═O)₂R^(h) or —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h);

R⁹ is independently, at each instance, H, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), R^(e), R^(h), —OR^(c), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(e), —CO₂R^(e), —OC(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(e), —NR^(a)C(═O)R^(h), —NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)CO₂R^(e), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(e), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(e), —S(═O)_(n)R^(e), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(e), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(e), —OS(═O)₂R^(e), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(e), —OR^(h), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(e)R^(h), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —OC(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)R^(h), —C(═O)NR^(e)R^(h), —NR^(e)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(h)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(e)C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(h)CO₂R^(a), —NR^(e)CO₂R^(a), —C₁₋₈alkylOR^(h), —C₁₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(h), —S(═O)_(n)R^(h), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(h), —NR^(a)S(═O)₂R^(h), —NR^(h)S(═O)₂R^(a), —OS(═O)₂R^(h) or —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(h); and

A)

-   -   R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together are a saturated or partially unsaturated         3-, 4- or 5-carbon bridge, wherein the bridge is substituted by         0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(i), R^(k),         halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k),         —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i),         —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i),         —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i),         —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); and     -   R¹² is independently, at each instance, selected from H,         C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂,         —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k),         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i),         —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i),         —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i),         —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹² is a saturated,         partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered         monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring         containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the         ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein         the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from         R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k),         —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k),         —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i),         —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i),         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i),         —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i),         —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))c(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹² is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1,         2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro,         —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k),         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k),         —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i),         —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i),         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i),         —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i),         —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), and additionally substituted by 0, 1 or         2 halo groups; or

B)

-   -   R¹⁰ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, halo,         C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k),         —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OH,         —NH₂, —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k),         —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i),         —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i),         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i),         —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i),         —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁰ is a saturated,         partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered         monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring         containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein         there are no more than 2 N atoms, wherein the ring is         substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring         is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo,         cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k)—C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k),         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k),         —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i),         —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i),         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i),         —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i),         —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁰ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1,         2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro,         —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k),         —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i),         —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i),         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i),         —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i),         —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); and     -   R¹¹ and R¹² together are a saturated or partially unsaturated         3-, 4- or 5-carbon bridge, wherein the bridge is substituted by         0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from oxo, thioxo, R^(i), R^(k),         halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k),         —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k),         —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k),         —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i),         —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i),         —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i),         —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i),         —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i),         —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i),         —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k),         —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR³R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k),         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and         —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i);

R¹³ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —OH, —NH₂, C₁₋₈alkyl, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(e), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹³ is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹³ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i);

R¹⁴ is independently, at each instance, selected from H, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —OH, —NH₂, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁴ is a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein there are no more than 2 N atoms, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from R^(k), halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)OR^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k) —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a) C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i); or R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄alkyl substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from C₁₋₄haloalkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(k), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —OR^(k), —OC(═O)R^(k), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —SR^(k), —S(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂R^(k), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k), —C(═O)R^(i), —C(═O)OR^(i), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —OR^(i), —OC(═O)R^(i), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —OC(═O)N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(i), —SR^(i), —S(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂R^(i), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —S(═O)₂N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)OR^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(i), —N(R^(i))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(k), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(k), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(i), —NR^(i)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(k) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(i);

R^(a) is independently, at each instance, H, phenyl, benzyl or C₁₋₆alkyl, the phenyl, benzyl and C₁₋₆alkyl being substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃haloalkyl, —OC₁₋₄alkyl, —NH₂, —NHC₁₋₄alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄alkyl)C₁₋₄alkyl;

R^(b) is a saturated or partially saturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic carbocyclic ring, or a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the carbon atoms of any ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, sulfur atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo groups, nitrogen atoms of the ring are substituted by 0 or 1 oxo groups;

R^(d) is independently in each instance hydrogen or —CH₃;

R^(e) is, independently, in each instance, C₁₋₉alkyl substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(h); and wherein the C₁₋₉alkyl is additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R^(f) is, independently, in each instance, H or R^(e);

R^(h) is, independently, in each instance, phenyl or a saturated, partially-saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered monocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 atoms selected from N, O and S, so long as the combination of O and S atoms is not greater than 2, wherein the ring is substituted by 0 or 1 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the phenyl and monocycle are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 substituents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a);

R^(i) is a saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic or 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10- or 11-membered bicyclic ring containing 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 atoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the available carbon atoms of the ring are substituted by 0, 1 or 2 oxo or thioxo groups, wherein the ring is substituted by 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₉alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), and C₁₋₉alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, nitro, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and

R^(k) is, independently, in each instance, C₁₋₉alkyl or C₁₋₄alkyl(phenyl) wherein either is substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from halo, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(a), —C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —OR^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —OC(═O)N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a), —OC₂₋₆alkylOR^(a), —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —S(═O)₂N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═O)NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(═O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylNR^(a)R^(a) and —NR^(a)C₂₋₆alkylOR^(a); and wherein the C₁₋₉alkyl is additionally substituted by 0 or 1 groups independently selected from R^(i) and additionally substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from Br, Cl, F and I.

Examples of VR1 antagonists include, but are not limited to, the examples and generic descriptions found in the following publications, hereby encorporated by reference in their entirety: US 20030158188, US 20030158198, US 20030158198, US 20040157845, US 20040157849, US 20040209884, US 20050009841, US 20050080095, US 20050085512, WO 02008221, WO 02030956, WO 02072536, WO 02076946, WO 02090326, WO 03006019, WO 03014064, WO 03022809, WO 03029199, WO 03049702, WO 03053945, WO 03055484, WO 03055484, WO 03055848, WO 03062209, WO 03066595, WO 03068749, WO 03070247, WO 03074520, WO 03080578, WO 03093236, WO 03095420, WO 03097586, WO 03097670, WO 03099284, WO 04002983, WO 04007459, WO 04007495, WO 04011441, WO 04014871, WO 04024710, WO 04028440, WO 04029031, WO 04029044, WO 04033435, WO 04035533, WO 04035549, WO 04046133, WO 04052845, WO 04052846, WO 04054582, WO 04055003, WO 04055004, WO 04056774, WO 04058754, WO 04072020, WO 04072069, WO 04074290, WO 04078101, WO 04078744, WO 04078749, WO 04089877, WO 04089881, WO 04096784, WO 04099177, WO 04100865, WO 04103281, WO 04108133, WO 04110986, WO 04111009, WO 05003084, WO 05004866, WO 05007646, WO 05007648, WO 05007652, WO 05009977, WO 05009980, WO 05009982, WO 05009987, WO 05009988, WO 05012287, WO 05014580, WO 05016915, WO 05016922, WO 05030753, WO 05030766, WO 05032493, WO 05033105, WO 05035471

Another aspect of the current invention relates to a method of treating acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, dental pain, general headache, migraine, cluster headache, mixed-vascular and non-vascular syndromes, tension headache, general inflammation, arthritis, rheumatic diseases, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders, depression, anxiety, inflammatory eye disorders, inflammatory or unstable bladder disorders, psoriasis, skin complaints with inflammatory components, chronic inflammatory conditions, inflammatory pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, neuropathic pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, diabetic neuropathy pain, causalgia, sympathetically maintained pain, deafferentation syndromes, asthma, epithelial tissue damage or dysfunction, herpes simplex, disturbances of visceral motility at respiratory, genitourinary, gastrointestinal or vascular regions, wounds, burns, allergic skin reactions, pruritus, vitiligo, general gastrointestinal disorders, gastric ulceration, duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, gastric lesions induced by necrotising agents, hair growth, vasomotor or allergic rhinitis, bronchial disorders or bladder disorders, comprising the steps of administering a VR1 antagonist and administering an antipyretic agent.

Another aspect of the current invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a VR1 antagonist and an antipyretic agent.

Unless otherwise specified, the following definitions apply to terms found in the specification and claims:

Antipyretic agents include, but are not limited to, Acetaminophen, Acetaminosalol, Acetanilide, Alclofenac, Aminopyrine, Aspirin, Benorylate, Benzydamine, Bermoprofen, p-Bromoacetanilide, Bufexamac, Bumadizon, Calcium Acetylsalicylate, Chlorthenoxazin, Clidanac, Dipyrocetyl, Dipyrone, Epirizole, Ibuprofen, Imidazole Salicylate, Indomethacin, p-Lactophenetide, Lysine Acetylsalicylate, Magnesium Acetylsalicylate, Meclofenamic Acid, Morazone, Naproxen, 5′-Nitro-2′-propoxyacetanilide, Phenacetin, Phenocoll, Phenyl Acetylsalicylate, Phenyl Salicylate, Pipebuzone, Propacetamol, Propyphenazone, Ramifenazone, Salacetamide, Salicylamide O-Acetic Acid, Salicylic Acid, Tetrandrine, Tinoridine, Aluminum Bis(acetylsalicylate), Aminochlorthenoxazin, Dihydroxyaluminum Acetylsalicylate, Etersalate, Isofezolac, Nifenazone, Phenicarbazide and Phenopyrazone. “C_(α-β)alkyl” means an alkyl group comprising a minimum of α and a maximum of β carbon atoms in a branched, cyclical or linear relationship or any combination of the three, wherein α and β represent integers. The alkyl groups described in this section may also contain one or two double or triple bonds. Examples of C₁₋₆alkyl include, but are not limited to the following:

“Benzo group”, alone or in combination, means the divalent radical C₄H₄═, one representation of which is —CH═C—CH═CH—, that when vicinally attached to another ring forms a benzene-like ring—for example tetrahydronaphthylene, indole and the like.

The terms “oxo” and “thioxo” represent the groups ═O (as in carbonyl) and ═S (as in thiocarbonyl), respectively.

“Halo” or “halogen” means a halogen atoms selected from F, Cl, Br and I. “C_(V-W)haloalkyl” means an alkyl group, as described above, wherein any number—at least one—of the hydrogen atoms attached to the alkyl chain are replaced by F, Cl, Br or I.

“Heterocycle” means a ring comprising at least one carbon atom and at least one other atom selected from N, O and S. Examples of heterocycles that may be found in the claims include, but are not limited to, the following:

“Available nitrogen atoms” are those nitrogen atoms that are part of a heterocycle and are joined by two single bonds (e.g. piperidine), leaving an external bond available for substitution by, for example, H or CH₃.

“

Pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” means a salt prepared by conventional means, and are well known by those skilled in the art. The “pharmacologically acceptable salts” include basic salts of inorganic and organic acids, including but not limited to hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, malic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid and the like. When compounds of the invention include an acidic function such as a carboxy group, then suitable pharmaceutically acceptable cation pairs for the carboxy group are well known to those skilled in the art and include alkaline, alkaline earth, ammonium, quaternary ammonium cations and the like. For additional examples of “pharmacologically acceptable salts,” see infra and Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1 (1977).

“Saturated or unsaturated” includes substituents saturated with hydrogens, substituents completely unsaturated with hydrogens and substituents partially saturated with hydrogens.

“Leaving group” generally refers to groups readily displaceable by a nucleophile, such as an amine, a thiol or an alcohol nucleophile. Such leaving groups are well known in the art. Examples of such leaving groups include, but are not limited to, N-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxybenzotriazole, halides, triflates, tosylates and the like. Preferred leaving groups are indicated herein where appropriate.

“Protecting group” generally refers to groups well known in the art which are used to prevent selected reactive groups, such as carboxy, amino, hydroxy, mercapto and the like, from undergoing undesired reactions, such as nucleophilic, electrophilic, oxidation, reduction and the like. Preferred protecting groups are indicated herein where appropriate. Examples of amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl and substituted cycloalkenyl alkyl, allyl, substituted allyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, silyl and the like. Examples of aralkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, ortho-methylbenzyl, trityl and benzhydryl, which can be optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, nitro, acylamino, acyl and the like, and salts, such as phosphonium and ammonium salts. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, anthracenyl, 9-(9-phenylfluorenyl), phenanthrenyl, durenyl and the like. Examples of cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylenylalkyl radicals, preferably have 6-10 carbon atoms, include, but are not limited to, cyclohexenyl methyl and the like. Suitable acyl, alkoxycarbonyl and aralkoxycarbonyl groups include benzyloxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, iso-butoxycarbonyl, benzoyl, substituted benzoyl, butyryl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, trichloro acetyl, phthaloyl and the like. A mixture of protecting groups can be used to protect the same amino group, such as a primary amino group can be protected by both an aralkyl group and an aralkoxycarbonyl group. Amino protecting groups can also form a heterocyclic ring with the nitrogen to which they are attached, for example, 1,2-bis(methylene)benzene, phthalimidyl, succinimidyl, maleimidyl and the like and where these heterocyclic groups can further include adjoining aryl and cycloalkyl rings. In addition, the heterocyclic groups can be mono-, di- or tri-substituted, such as nitrophthalimidyl. Amino groups may also be protected against undesired reactions, such as oxidation, through the formation of an addition salt, such as hydrochloride, toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and the like. Many of the amino protecting groups are also suitable for protecting carboxy, hydroxy and mercapto groups. For example, aralkyl groups. Alkyl groups are also suitable groups for protecting hydroxy and mercapto groups, such as tert-butyl.

Silyl protecting groups are silicon atoms optionally substituted by one or more alkyl, aryl and aralkyl groups. Suitable silyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, dimethylphenylsilyl, 1,2-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(dimethylsilyl)ethane and diphenylmethylsilyl. Silylation of an amino groups provide mono- or di-silylamino groups. Silylation of aminoalcohol compounds can lead to a N,N,O-trisilyl derivative. Removal of the silyl function from a silyl ether function is readily accomplished by treatment with, for example, a metal hydroxide or ammonium fluoride reagent, either as a discrete reaction step or in situ during a reaction with the alcohol group. Suitable silylating agents are, for example, trimethylsilyl chloride, tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl chloride, phenyldimethylsilyl chloride, diphenylmethyl silyl chloride or their combination products with imidazole or DMF. Methods for silylation of amines and removal of silyl protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art. Methods of preparation of these amine derivatives from corresponding amino acids, amino acid amides or amino acid esters are also well known to those skilled in the art of organic chemistry including amino acid/amino acid ester or aminoalcohol chemistry.

Protecting groups are removed under conditions which will not affect the remaining portion of the molecule. These methods are well known in the art and include acid hydrolysis, hydrogenolysis and the like. A preferred method involves removal of a protecting group, such as removal of a benzyloxycarbonyl group by hydrogenolysis utilizing palladium on carbon in a suitable solvent system such as an alcohol, acetic acid, and the like or mixtures thereof. A t-butoxycarbonyl protecting group can be removed utilizing an inorganic or organic acid, such as HCl or trifluoroacetic acid, in a suitable solvent system, such as dioxane or methylene chloride. The resulting amino salt can readily be neutralized to yield the free amine. Carboxy protecting group, such as methyl, ethyl, benzyl, tert-butyl, 4-methoxyphenylmethyl and the like, can be removed under hydrolysis and hydrogenolysis conditions well known to those skilled in the art.

It should be noted that compounds of the invention may contain groups that may exist in tautomeric forms, such as cyclic and acyclic amidine and guanidine groups, heteroatom substituted heteroaryl groups (Y′═O, S, NR), and the like, which are illustrated in the following examples:

and though one form is named, described, displayed and/or claimed herein, all the tautomeric forms are intended to be inherently included in such name, description, display and/or claim.

Prodrugs of the compounds of this invention are also contemplated by this invention. A prodrug is an active or inactive compound that is modified chemically through in vivo physiological action, such as hydrolysis, metabolism and the like, into a compound of this invention following administration of the prodrug to a patient. The suitability and techniques involved in making and using prodrugs are well known by those skilled in the art. For a general discussion of prodrugs involving esters see Svensson and Tunek Drug Metabolism Reviews 165 (1988) and Bundgaard Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985). Examples of a masked carboxylate anion include a variety of esters, such as alkyl (for example, methyl, ethyl), cycloalkyl (for example, cyclohexyl), aralkyl (for example, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl), and alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl (for example, pivaloyloxymethyl). Amines have been masked as arylcarbonyloxymethyl substituted derivatives, which are cleaved by esterases in vivo releasing the free drug and formaldehyde (Bungaard J. Med. Chem. 2503 (1989)). Also, drugs containing an acidic NH group, such as imidazole, imide, indole and the like, have been masked with N-acyloxymethyl groups (Bundgaard Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985)). Hydroxy groups have been masked as esters and ethers. EP 039,051 (Sloan and Little, Apr. 11, 1981) discloses Mannich-base hydroxamic acid prodrugs, their preparation and use.

The specification and claims contain listing of species using the language “selected from . . . and . . . ” and “is . . . or . . . ” (sometimes referred to as Markush groups). When this language is used in this application, unless otherwise stated it is meant to include the group as a whole, or any single members thereof, or any subgroups thereof The use of this language is merely for shorthand purposes and is not meant in any way to limit the removal of individual elements or subgroups as needed.

Experimental

Positive evidence for our claim that an increase in body temperature produced by treatment with a TRPV1 antagonist can be reversed by treatment with an antipyretic agent such as acetaminophen is shown in FIG. 1. Compound A is {2-[6-(2-acetylamino-benzothiazol-4-yloxy)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.

Example 1

In this study rats were first treated with vehicle (Oraplus/5% Tween 80) or a TRPV1 antagonist (Compound A; 3 mg/kg, p.o.). Following a 120 min period, separate groups of rats were then administered vehicle (Oraplus/5% Tween 80) or acetaminophen (300 mg/kg, p.o.). Body temperature was then measured for an additional 120 min.

Following treatment with Compound A, a significant increase in body temperature was observed (see Compound A+Veh and Compound A+Acet groups). In animals treated with Compound A followed by vehicle (Compound A+Veh group) body temperature remained elevated compared to the control group (Veh+Veh). However, in animals treated with Compound A followed by treatment with acetaminophen (300 mg/kg, p.o.), body temperature decreased to levels observed in the control group. It should be noted that body temperature was decreased by treatment with acetaminophen alone (Veh+Acet group). Overall, these data suggest that body temperature increase induced by treatment with a TRPV1 antagonist can be reversed by treatment with agents with antipyretic activity such as acetaminophen.

The following biological assays may be used to select useful VR1 antagonists:

Capsaicin-Induced Ca²⁺ Influx in Primary Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons.

Embryonic 19 day old (E19) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were dissected from timed-pregnant, terminally anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River, Wilmington, Mass.) and collected in ice-cold L-15 media (Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.) containing 5% heat inactivated horse serum (Life Technologies). The DRG were then dissociated into single cell suspension using a papain dissociation system (Worthington Biochemical Corp., Freehold, N.J.). The dissociated cells were pelleted at 200×g for 5 min and re-suspended in EBSS containing 1 mg/mL ovomucoid inhibitor, 1 mg/mL ovalbumin and 0.005% DNase. Cell suspension was centrifuged through a gradient solution containing 10 mg/mL ovomucoid inhibitor, 10 mg/mL ovalbumin at 200×g for 6 min to remove cell debris; and filtered through a 88-μm nylon mesh (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.) to remove any clumps. Cell number was determined with a hemocytometer and cells were seeded into poly-omithine 100 μg/mL (Sigma) and mouse laminin 1 μg/mL (Life Technologies)-coated 96-well plates at 10×10³ cells/well in complete medium. The complete medium consists of minimal essential medium (MEM) and Ham's F12, 1:1, penicillin (100 U/mL), and streptomycin (100 μg/mL), and nerve growth factor (10 ng/mL), 10% heat inactivated horse serum (Life Technologies). The cultures were kept at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 100% humidity. For controlling the growth of non-neuronal cells, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (75 μM) and uridine (180 μM) were included in the medium. Activation of VR1 was achieved in these cellular assays using either a capsaicin stimulus (ranging from 0.01-10 μM) or by an acid stimulus (addition of 30 mM Hepes/Mes buffered at pH 4.1). Compounds were also tested in an assay format to evaluate their agonist properties at VR1. The activation of VR1 is followed as a function of cellular uptake of radioactive calcium (⁴⁵Ca²⁺:Amersham CES3-2 mCi).

Capsaicin Antagonist Assay: E-19 DRG cells at 3 days in culture are incubated with serial concentrations of VR1 antagonists, in HBSS (Hanks buffered saline solution supplemented with BSA 0.1 mg/mL and 1 mM Hepes at pH 7.4) for 15 min, room temperature. Cells are then challenged with a VR1 agonist, capsaicin (500 nM), in activation buffer containing 0.1 mg/mL BSA, 15 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, and 10 μCi/mL ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ (Amersham CES3-2 mCi) in Ham's F12 for 2 min at room temperature.

Acid Antagonist Assay: Compounds are pre-incubated with E-19 DRG cells at room temperature for 2 minutes prior to addition of ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ in 30 mM Hepes/Mes buffer (Final Assay pH 5) and then left for an additional 2 minutes prior to compound washout. Final concentration of ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ (Amersham CES3-2 mCi) is 10 μCi/mL.

Agonist Assay: Compounds are incubated with E-19 DRG cells at room temperature for 2 minutes in the presence of ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ prior to compound washout. Final ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ (Amersham CES3-2 mCi) at 10 μCi/mL.

Compound Washout and Analysis: Assay plates are washed using an ELX405 plate washer (Bio-Tek Instruments Inc.) immediately after functional assay. Wash 3× with PBS, 0.1 mg/mL BSA. Aspirate between washes. Read plates using a MicroBeta Jet (Wallac Inc.). Compound activity is then calculated using appropriate computational algorithms.

⁴⁵Calcium²⁺ Assay Protocol

Compounds may be assayed using Chinese Hamster Ovary cell lines stably expressing either human VR1 or rat VR1 under a CMV promoter. Cells could be cultured in a Growth Medium, routinely passaged at 70% confluency using trypsin and plated in an assay plate 24 hours prior to compound evaluation.

Possible Growth Medium:

-   -   DMEM, high glucose (Gibco 11965-084).     -   10% Dialyzed serum (Hyclone SH30079.03).     -   1× Non-Essential Amino Acids (Gibco 11140-050).     -   1× Glutamine-Pen-Strep (Gibco 10378-016).     -   Geneticin, 450 μg/mL (Gibco 10131-035).         Compounds could be diluted in 100% DMSO and tested for activity         over several log units of concentration [40 μM-2 μM]. Compounds         may be further diluted in HBSS buffer (pH 7.4) 0.1 mg/mL BSA,         prior to evaluation. Final DMSO concentration in assay would be         0.5-1%. Each assay plate could be controlled with a buffer only         and a known antagonist compound (either capsazepine or one of         the described VR1 antagonists).

Activation of VR1 could be achieved in these cellular assays using either a capsaicin stimulus (ranging from 0.1-1 μM) or by an acid stimulus (addition of 30 mM Hepes/Mes buffered at pH 4.1). Compounds could also be tested in an assay format to evaluate their agonist properties at VR1.

Capsaicin Antagonist Assay: Compounds may be pre-incubated with cells (expressing either human or rat VR1) at room temperature for 2 minutes prior to addition of ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ and Capsaicin and then left for an additional 2 minutes prior to compound washout. Capsaicin (200 nM) can be added in HAM's F12, 0.1 mg/mL BSA, 15 mM Hepes at pH 7.4. Final ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ (Amersham CES3-2 mCi) added could be 10 μCi/mL.

Acid Antagonist Assay: Compounds can be pre-incubated with cells (expressing either human or rat VR1) for 2 minutes prior to addition of ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ in 30 mM Hepes/Mes buffer (Final Assay pH 5) and then left for an additional 2 minutes prior to compound washout. Final ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ (Amersham CES3-2 mCi) added could be 10 μCi/mL.

Agonist Assay: Compounds can be incubated with cells (expressing either human or rat VR1) for 2 minutes in the presence of ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ prior to compound washout. Final ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ (Amersham CES3-2 mCi) added could be 10 μCi/mL.

Compound Washout and Analysis: Assay plates would be washed using an ELX405 plate washer (Bio-Tek Instruments Inc.) immediately after the functional assay. One could wash 3× with PBS, 0.1 mg/mL BSA, aspirating between washes. Plates could then be read using a MicroBeta Jet (Wallac Inc.) and compound activity calculated using appropriate computational algorithms.

Useful nucleic acid sequences and proteins may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,335,180, 6,406,908 and 6,239,267, herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

For the treatment of vanilloid-receptor-diseases, such as acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, dental pain, general headache, migraine, cluster headache, mixed-vascular and non-vascular syndromes, tension headache, general inflammation, arthritis, rheumatic diseases, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders, inflammatory eye disorders, inflammatory or unstable bladder disorders, psoriasis, skin complaints with inflammatory components, chronic inflammatory conditions, inflammatory pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, neuropathic pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, diabetic neuropathy pain, causalgia, sympathetically maintained pain, deafferentation syndromes, asthma, epithelial tissue damage or dysfunction, herpes simplex, disturbances of visceral motility at respiratory, genitourinary, gastrointestinal or vascular regions, wounds, burns, allergic skin reactions, pruritis, vitiligo, general gastrointestinal disorders, gastric ulceration, duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, gastric lesions induced by necrotising agents, hair growth, vasomotor or allergic rhinitis, bronchial disorders or bladder disorders, the compounds that are part of the present invention may be administered orally, parentally, by inhalation spray, rectally, or topically in dosage unit formulations containing conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles. The term parenteral as used herein includes, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrastemal, infusion techniques or intraperitoneally.

Treatment of diseases and disorders herein is intended to also include the prophylactic administration of a compound of the invention, a pharmaceutical salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of either to a subject (i.e., an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human) believed to be in need of preventative treatment, such as, for example, pain, inflammation and the like.

The dosage regimen for treating vanilloid-receptor-mediated diseases, cancer, and/or hyperglycemia with the compounds that are part of this invention and/or compositions of this invention is based on a variety of factors, including the type of disease, the age, weight, sex, medical condition of the patient, the severity of the condition, the route of administration, and the particular compound employed. Thus, the dosage regimen may vary widely, but can be determined routinely using standard methods. Dosage levels of the order from about 0.01 mg to 30 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, preferably from about 0.1 mg to 10 mg/kg, more preferably from about 0.25 mg to 1 mg/kg are useful for all methods of use disclosed herein.

The pharmaceutically active compounds of this invention can be processed in accordance with conventional methods of pharmacy to produce medicinal agents for administration to patients, including humans and other mammals.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of, for example, a capsule, a tablet, a suspension, or liquid. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosage unit containing a given amount of the active ingredient. For example, these may contain an amount of active ingredient from about 1 to 2000 mg, preferably from about 1 to 500 mg, more preferably from about 5 to 150 mg. A suitable daily dose for a human or other mammal may vary widely depending on the condition of the patient and other factors, but, once again, can be determined using routine methods.

The active ingredient may also be administered by injection as a composition with suitable carriers including saline, dextrose, or water. The daily parenteral dosage regimen will be from about 0.1 to about 30 mg/kg of total body weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg, and more preferably from about 0.25 mg to 1 mg/kg.

Injectable preparations, such as sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions, may be formulated according to the known are using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.

Suppositories for rectal administration of the drug can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient such as cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols that are solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum and release the drug.

A suitable topical dose of active ingredient of a compound of the invention is 0.1 mg to 150 mg administered one to four, preferably one or two times daily. For topical administration, the active ingredient may comprise from 0.001% to 10% w/w, e.g., from 1% to 2% by weight of the formulation, although it may comprise as much as 10% w/w, but preferably not more than 5% w/w, and more preferably from 0.1% to 1% of the formulation.

Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin (e.g., liniments, lotions, ointments, creams, or pastes) and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear, or nose.

For administration, the compounds that are part of this invention are ordinarily combined with one or more adjuvants appropriate for the indicated route of administration. The compounds may be admixed with lactose, sucrose, starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, stearic acid, talc, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric and sulfuric acids, acacia, gelatin, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidine, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, and tableted or encapsulated for conventional administration. Alternatively, the compounds that are part of this invention may be dissolved in saline, water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, tragacanth gum, and/or various buffers. Other adjuvants and modes of administration are well known in the pharmaceutical art. The carrier or diluent may include time delay material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax, or other materials well known in the art.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be made up in a solid form (including granules, powders or suppositories) or in a liquid form (e.g., solutions, suspensions, or emulsions). The pharmaceutical compositions may be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operations such as sterilization and/or may contain conventional adjuvants, such as preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, buffers etc.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration may include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose, or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as in normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water. Such compositions may also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Compounds of the present invention can possess one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and are thus capable of existing in the form of optical isomers as well as in the form of racemic or non-racemic mixtures thereof. The optical isomers can be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixtures according to conventional processes, e.g., by formation of diastereoisomeric salts, by treatment with an optically active acid or base. Examples of appropriate acids are tartaric, diacetyltartaric, dibenzoyltartaric, ditoluoyltartaric, and camphorsulfonic acid and then separation of the mixture of diastereoisomers by crystallization followed by liberation of the optically active bases from these salts. A different process for separation of optical isomers involves the use of a chiral chromatography column optimally chosen to maximize the separation of the enantiomers. Still another available method involves synthesis of covalent diastereoisomeric molecules by reacting compounds of the invention with an optically pure acid in an activated form or an optically pure isocyanate. The synthesized diastereoisomers can be separated by conventional means such as chromatography, distillation, crystallization or sublimation, and then hydrolyzed to deliver the enantiomerically pure compound. The optically active compounds of the invention can likewise be obtained by using active starting materials. These isomers may be in the form of a free acid, a free base, an ester or a salt.

Likewise, the compounds that are part of this invention may exist as isomers, that is compounds of the same molecular formula but in which the atoms, relative to one another, are arranged differently. In particular, the alkylene substituents of the compounds that are part of this invention, are normally and preferably arranged and inserted into the molecules as indicated in the definitions for each of these groups, being read from left to right. However, in certain cases, one skilled in the art will appreciate that it is possible to prepare compounds of this invention in which these substituents are reversed in orientation relative to the other atoms in the molecule. That is, the substituent to be inserted may be the same as that noted above except that it is inserted into the molecule in the reverse orientation. One skilled in the art will appreciate that these isomeric forms of the compounds that are part of this invention are to be construed as encompassed within the scope of the present invention.

The compounds that are part of the present invention can be used in the form of salts derived from inorganic or organic acids. The salts include, but are not limited to, the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, cyclopentanepropionate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methansulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 2-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate, mesylate, and undecanoate. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quatemized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides, and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.

Examples of acids that may be employed to from pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include such inorganic acids as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid and such organic acids as oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid and citric acid. Other examples include salts with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium or with organic bases.

Also encompassed in the scope of the present invention are pharmaceutically acceptable esters of a carboxylic acid or hydroxyl containing group, including a metabolically labile ester or a prodrug form of a compound of this invention. A metabolically labile ester is one which may produce, for example, an increase in blood levels and prolong the efficacy of the corresponding non-esterified form of the compound. A prodrug form is one which is not in an active form of the molecule as administered but which becomes therapeutically active after some in vivo activity or biotransformation, such as metabolism, for example, enzymatic or hydrolytic cleavage. For a general discussion of prodrugs involving esters see Svensson and Tunek Drug Metabolism Reviews 165 (1988) and Bundgaard Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985). Examples of a masked carboxylate anion include a variety of esters, such as alkyl (for example, methyl, ethyl), cycloalkyl (for example, cyclohexyl), aralkyl (for example, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl), and alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl (for example, pivaloyloxymethyl). Amines have been masked as arylcarbonyloxymethyl substituted derivatives which are cleaved by esterases in vivo releasing the free drug and formaldehyde (Bungaard J. Med. Chem. 2503 (1989)). Also, drugs containing an acidic NH group, such as imidazole, imide, indole and the like, have been masked with N-acyloxymethyl groups (Bundgaard Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985)). Hydroxy groups have been masked as esters and ethers. EP 039,051 (Sloan and Little, Apr. 11, 1981) discloses Mannich-base hydroxamic acid prodrugs, their preparation and use. Esters of a compound of this invention, may include, for example, the methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters, as well as other suitable esters formed between an acidic moiety and a hydroxyl containing moiety. Metabolically labile esters, may include, for example, methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, iso-propoxymethyl, α-methoxyethyl, groups such as α-((C₁-C₄)alkyloxy)ethyl, for example, methoxyethyl, ethoxyethyl, propoxyethyl, iso-propoxyethyl, etc.; 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-ylmethyl groups, such as 5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,dioxolen-4-ylmethyl, etc.; C₁-C₃ alkylthiomethyl groups, for example, methylthiomethyl, ethylthiomethyl, isopropylthiomethyl, etc.; acyloxymethyl groups, for example, pivaloyloxymethyl, α-acetoxymethyl, etc.; ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl; or α-acyloxy-α-substituted methyl groups, for example α-acetoxyethyl.

Further, the compounds that are part of the invention may exist as crystalline solids which can be crystallized from common solvents such as ethanol, N,N-dimethyl-formamide, water, or the like. Thus, crystalline forms of the compounds that are part of the invention may exist as polymorphs, solvates and/or hydrates of the parent compounds or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. All of such forms likewise are to be construed as falling within the scope of the invention.

While the compounds that are part of the invention can be administered as the sole active pharmaceutical agent, they can also be used in combination with one or more compounds of the invention or other agents. When administered as a combination, the therapeutic agents can be formulated as separate compositions that are given at the same time or different times, or the therapeutic agents can be given as a single composition.

The foregoing is merely illustrative of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the disclosed compounds. Variations and changes, which are obvious to one skilled in the art, are intended to be within the scope and nature of the invention, which are defined, in the appended claims.

From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. 

1. A method of reducing a VR1-antagonist-induced increase in body temperature in a mammal in need thereof, comprising the step of administering an antipyretic agent to the mammal.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the antipyretic agent is selected from Acetaminophen, Acetaminosalol, Acetanilide, Alclofenac, Aminopyrine, Aspirin, Benorylate, Benzydamine, Bermoprofen, p-Bromoacetanilide, Bufexamac, Bumadizon, Calcium Acetylsalicylate, Chlorthenoxazin, Clidanac, Dipyrocetyl, Dipyrone, Epirizole, Ibuprofen, Imidazole Salicylate, Indomethacin, p-Lactophenetide, Lysine Acetylsalicylate, Magnesium Acetylsalicylate, Meclofenamic Acid, Morazone, Naproxen, 5′-Nitro-2′-propoxyacetanilide, Phenacetin, Phenocoll, Phenyl Acetylsalicylate, Phenyl Salicylate, Pipebuzone, Propacetamol, Propyphenazone, Ramifenazone, Salacetamide, Salicylamide O-Acetic Acid, Salicylic Acid, Tetrandrine, Tinoridine, Aluminum Bis(acetylsalicylate), Aminochlorthenoxazin, Dihydroxyaluminum Acetylsalicylate, Etersalate, Isofezolac, Nifenazone, Phenicarbazide and Phenopyrazone.
 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the antipyretic agent is administered from one to one hundred eighty minutes after the administration of the VR1 antagonist.
 4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the antipyretic agent is administered from one to one hundred eighty minutes before the administration of the VR1 antagonist.
 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the antipyretic agent is administered separately from, but within thirty minutes of the VR1 antagonist. 